AFP (Alpha-Fetoprotein)

A marker for liver, testicular, and ovarian germ cell tumours.

What it is

Alpha-fetoprotein is a protein produced primarily by the liver and yolk sac during foetal development. In adults, elevated AFP is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer) and germ cell tumours of the testis or ovary.

Why it matters

AFP is used both to detect and to monitor response to treatment. A falling AFP after treatment indicates a positive response. Rising AFP during surveillance may signal recurrence. Like all tumour markers, it has limitations — false positives occur, and normal AFP does not rule out malignancy.

How to test

Blood test.

This information is for educational purposes only. Always discuss testing and interpretation of results with your care team.

Optimal range

Below 10 ng/mL

normal

Above 10 ng/mL

elevated — requires clinical context

How often

At baseline and each oncology review cycle if indicated by your tumour type.